- ogives
- A serie of ice waves or bands of lighter and darker material formed below ice falls in some glaciers
- orogeny
- The process of formation of mountains, which is mainly driven by plate tectonic activity
- orophyte
- Plant species occurring predominantly above the treeline, i.e. in the alpine and nival life zones
- outbreeding
- Accepting foreign pollen only (prohibiting self-fertilisation)
- outcrossing
- Fertilisation of an ovule by a pollen grain of another genetic individual.
- outlet glaciers
- Valley glaciers which permit ice to move from accumulation areas through mountainous terrain to the sea
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