Published documents

Benedict JB (1989) The relationship of cushion diameter to age. Arct Alp Res 21:91-96

Billings WD (1974) Adaptations and origins of alpine plants. Arct Alp Res 6:129-142

Billings WD, Mooney HA (1959) An apparent frost hummock-sorted polygon cycle in the alpine tundra of Wyoming. Ecology 40:16-20.

Brooker RW, Callaghan TV (1998) The balance between positive and negative plant interactions and its relationship to environmental gradients: a model. Oikos 81:196-207

Callaghan TV, Emanuelsson U (1985) Population structure and processes of tundra plants and vegetation. In: White J (ed) Population structure of vegetation. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 399-439

Callaway RM, Brooker RW, Choler P, Kikvidze Z, Lortie CJ, Michalet R, Paolini L, Pugnaire FL, Newingham B, Aschehoug ET, Armas C, Kikodze D, Cook BJ (2002) Positive interactions among alpine plants increase with stress. Nature 417:844-848

Cavieres L, Arroyo MTK, Penaloza A, Molina-Montenegro M, Torres C (2002) Nurse effect of Bolax gummifera cushion plants in the alpine vegetation of the Chilean Patagonian Andes. J Veg Sci 13:547-554

Chambers JC (1993) Seed and vegetation dynamics in an alpine herb field - effects of disturbance type. Can J Bot 71:471-485

Chambers JC (1995) Relationships between seed fates and seedling establishment in an alpine ecosystem. Ecology 76:2124-2133

Choler P, Michalet R, Callaway RM (2001) Facilitation and competition on gradients in alpine plant communities. Ecology 82:3295-3308

Diemer M (2002) Population stasis in a high-elevation herbaceous plant under moderate climate warming. Basic Appl Ecol 3:77-83

Erschbamer B, Kneringer E, Schlag RN (2001) Seed rain, soil seed bank, seedling recruitment, and survival of seedlings on a glacier foreland in the Central Alps. Flora 196:304-312

Hoffmann RS (1974) Terrestrial vertebrates. In: Ives JD, Barry RG (eds) Arctic and Alpine Environments. London, pp 475-568

Johnson PL, Billings WD (1962) The alpine vegetation of the Beartooth Plateau in relation to cryopedogenic processes and patterns. Ecol Monogr 32:102-135.

Kaufmann R (2002) Glacier foreland colonisation: distinguishing between short-term and long-term effects of climate change. Oecologia 130:470-475

Kikvidze Z (1993) Plant species associations in alpine-subnival vegetation patches in the Central Caucasus. J Veg Sci 4:297-302

Lüdi W (1958) Beobachtungen über die Besiedlung von Gletschervorfeldern in den Schweizer Alpen. Flora 146:386-407

Matthews JA (1992) The ecology of recently deglaciated terrain. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge

Pokarzhevskaya GA (1998) Influence of the dominant grass Festuca varia Haenke on the spatial pattern of alpine grasslands in the Northwestern Caucasus, Russia. Arct Alp Res 30:11-18

Smith AP (1981) Growth and population dynamics of Espeletia (Compositae) of the Venezuelan Andes. Smithson Contrib Bot 48:1-45

Stanton ML, Reijmanek M, Galen C (1994) Changes in vegetation and soil fertility along a predictable snowmelt gradient in the Mosquito Range, Colorado, USA. Arct Alp Res 26:364-374

Stöcklin J, Bäumler E (1996) Seed rain, seedling establishment and clonal growth strategies on a glacier foreland. J Veg Sci 7:45-56

Theodose TA, Bowman WD (1997) The influence of interspecific competition on the distribution of an alpine graminoid: evidence for the importance of plant competition in an extreme environment. Oikos 79:101-114

Wilson SD (1993) Competition and resource availability in heath and grassland in the Snowy Mountains of Australia. J Ecol 81:445-451